GIARDIA

Even in the most remote wilderness, it is not entirely safe to drink from streams. The penalty could be an unpleasant

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or even life-threatening disease, most likely giardia or hepatitis.

Giardia is transmitted from human feces. Giardia bacteria, once ingested, can cause such symptoms as acute diarrhea, distended stomach, and sulphurous belches. Hepatitis, on the other hand, is a virus which can vary in effect from minor flu-like symptoms to fatal liver failure.

Conventional wisdom once said you could protect yourself by boiling water for several minutes before drinking it. Unfortunately, that’s not very practical in a wilderness setting. Treatment with chlorine is not fully effective. The cheapest method of effective water treatment is adding iodine solution, which, in proper quantities, will eliminate the risk of both giardia and hepatitis. The residual taste can be hidden by adding flavoured drink mix. Another method, which avoids the problem of unpleasant taste, is filtration. The MSR Waterworks filter is guaranteed effective against giardia, but may not remove hepatitis virus. The optional ceramic filter is rated at 0.2 microns. The ceramic filter is replaceable($30). The filter is very effective at removing sediment from murky water; you can protect yourself against hepatitis by taking gamma globulin injections before hitting the trail.

To use iodine, make or buy a 3% solution of iodine in ethanol (grain alcohol). Dissolve 30 grams of iodine crystals in a 1 3/4 litre bottle of grain alcohol, allow to set for 24 hours, and filter out any remaining crystals by pouring the solution through a coffee filter. Use a calibrated dropper to measure 3 cc of solution into each quart of water. Wait ten minutes before drinking if the water is warmer than 50 degrees; twenty to thirty minutes if it is colder. Iodine can also be purchased in tablet form.

Although iodine is safe for occasional use, two quarts of iodine-treated water contain eighty to one hundred times the minimum daily requirement of iodine. No one should drink iodine-treated water regularly for more than two months. Pregnant women and people with thyroid problems should refrain from using iodine at all. This entire procedure can and should be avoided by carefully selecting the source of drinking water.